The World s First Atomic Bomb Essay - 1326 Words

â€Å"If the radiance of a thousand suns were to burst at once into the sky, that would be like the splendor of the mighty one.† – Robert Oppenheimer. The Manhattan Project was the research and making of the world’s first atomic weapons. This was a major asset that led the U.S into beating Japan and caused the war to cumulate. The Manhattan Project brought nations together, took the necessary measure to end World War II, and gave America multiple industrial advancements used in modern day warfare. The Manhattan Project was the code name for the effort to produce the first atomic bomb during WWII. The project began in 1939, when two scientists accomplished atomic fission in uranium. These scientists were Jews, and during the Holocaust, they had to leave Germany into America. It was also operated with the help from the United Kingdom and Canada. Scientist Leo Szilard, Eugenge Wigner, and Edward Teller decided to tell the President of the United States, about the ne w fission technology that had been discovered. Which they believed was capable of making bombs. Most believed that Germany would be able create the first atomic bomb, so that’s why the three scientists requested the help of Albert Einstein, and together they wrote a letter to President Roosevelt describing their beliefs that nuclear fission â€Å"would lead to the construction of bombs and it is very possible†¦that extremely powerful bombs of a new type may be created.† In June 1941, the Office of Scientific Research andShow MoreRelatedThe World s First Atomic Bomb1939 Words   |  8 PagesPresident Harry S. Truman of the United States once said, â€Å"There is nothing new in the world except the history you do not know.† Over the course of WWII, the United States made developments on a new innovation and project, and it is undeniable that on August 6, 1945, they made history of what was once the unknown. The world’s first atomic bomb, known as Litt le Boy, was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima, and a mere 3 days later, a second bomb fell upon the civilian city of Nagasaki. The UnitedRead MoreThe World s First Atomic Bomb2572 Words   |  11 Pageswere in an urgent race against their German counter-parts. With World War II raging in Europe everyone involved was acutely aware that the ruthless dictator Hitler would not stop until his scientists had created the worst weapon the world had ever seen. A weapon of mass destruction. And so, in order to defeat Germany and save millions of lives the Manhattan Project scientists strove to win the race to build the world’s first atomic bomb. In 1938 German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann wereRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb : Manhattan Project1331 Words   |  6 PagesTopic: The Atomic Bomb: Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project was a research and development project that produced the first nuclear weapons during World War II. The Manhattan project was the invention of the first two nuclear bombs, Fat man and little boy. These two bombs were dropped on Japanese islands to end World War II. Math The formula E=MC2 is responsible for the immense power of the Atomic Bomb. E = mc2, equation in German-born physicist Albert Einstein’s theoryRead MoreThe Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki1656 Words   |  7 PagesDid the atomic bomb have to be used in World War II on Japan? There were multiple reasons why the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were necessary. One of which is to reduce the chance of Allied casualties if the war continued. Another reason was to prohibit the possibility that an Axis country such as Nazi Germany, could create an atomic weapon. A third reason or is whether or not the use of atomic weapons on innocent people was worth the media backlash. A final reason is that the workRead MoreTruman and Atomic Bombs649 Words   |  3 Pagesto take a side and then write an editorial on Harry S Truman’s decision to order the dropping of the atom bomb. HARRY S TRUMAN amp; THE DECISION TO ORDER THE DROPPING OF THE ATOMIC BOMB Boom! Boom! Seventy thousands Japanese citizens were perished instantly after the first atomic bomb was dropped in Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. Japanese still refused to surrender to Allied forces. On August 9, 1945, with the dropping of the second atomic bomb in Nagasaki, where eighty thousands people were vaporizedRead MoreThe Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb1207 Words   |  5 Pagesdropping of the atomic bombs in Japan was a very helpful source for the United States during the WWII. President Truman, took the responsibility of dropping and creation of the atomic bomb. For the reason that The United States was seeking revenge on Japan for the attack at Pearl Harbor. The atomic bomb caused a high number of innocent Japanese deaths and also awful sickness. The atomic bombs left a big impact in the Japanese empire; also effected the Japanese at the time of the atomic bomb and the generationRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb : Manhattan Project1112 Words   |  5 PagesTopic: The Atomic Bomb: Man hattan Project What is it: The Manhattan Project was a research and development project that produced the first nuclear weapons during World War II. the manhattan project was the invention of the first two nuclear bombs, Fat man and little boy.These two bombs were dropped on japanese islands to end World War II. Math: The formula E=MC2 is responsible for the immense power of the Atomic Bomb. E = mc2, equation in German-born physicist Albert Einstein’s theory of specialRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb : Manhattan Project1331 Words   |  6 PagesTopic: The Atomic Bomb: Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project was a research and development project that produced the first nuclear weapons during World War II. The Manhattan project was the invention of the first two nuclear bombs, Fat man and little boy. These two bombs were dropped on Japanese islands to end World War II. Math The formula E=MC2 is responsible for the immense power of the Atomic Bomb. E = mc2, equation in German-born physicist Albert Einstein’s theoryRead MoreThe Destruction Of The Atomic Bomb1481 Words   |  6 PagesThe world is an intriguing place. Most might say the world is good, but the world is an evil place. Mankind has took a turn for the worst with creations and evolutions. Throughout history people have chosen to be evil. There has been many incidents that mankind has chosen to be evil, three things that prove this are the creation of the atomic bomb, the killing that abortion does and the uprise of genetically modified animals. Maybe the world is starting to sound like a dystopian novel. The firstRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki Essay1570 Words   |  7 PagesDespite the extreme devastation, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were necessary. The atomic bomb is a weapon unmatched in warfare, rapidly releasing nuclear energy by fission of atomic nuclei. Desperate times call for desperate measures, which is why America chose to unleash its most deadly weapon, the atomic bomb, on Japan. America, who had already fought in World War II for over four years, had no desire to perpetuate the war. When Japan refused to surrender, America was left

Organizational Structure Defined By Managers Commerce Essay Free Essays

Organizational Structure may be defined as how directors and supervisors divide, group, and organize work between different employees and sections. Other important definition may be defined as: â€Å" An Organizational Structure is based on activities such as undertaking allotment, coordination, and supervising, which are directed towards the accomplishment and fulfilment of organisational ends and aims † An organisation can be structured in many different ways, depending on their aims, purposes and longterm ends. The construction of an organisation will find the manners in which it operates and performs. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Structure Defined By Managers Commerce Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many Organizations have a Hierarchy, but non all. Organizational Structure has 6 chief elements: 1. WORK Specialization: Work Specialization is the grade to which organisational undertakings are sub-divided into single occupations. It is besides known as â€Å" Division of labour † . It is the specialisation of labour in specific, limited undertakings and like functions. It is a critical component of Job Structure and attributes a major function in success, if it is truly utilised. Wor Specialization is more efficient and effectual for directors, in order to carry through organisational positions. Directors find it much easier to happen gifted forces and develop them to execute specific and certain undertakings. As Repetition improves the ability of an single to execute a certain undertaking with lesser clip consumed. Basically, the occupations are assigned to specialise personal or persons. Therefore, the persons perform those undertakings or carry through those aims in which they are specialized or are trained to roll up. The kernel of Work Specialization is that an full occupation being done by an person, it is broken down into figure of stairss, with each measure being completed by a separate person. Therefore, single perform their expertness in specialised undertaking instead than the full occupation. It can be elaborated with the undermentioned illustration. FOR EXAMPLE ; In Formula 1 Motorsports Racing, Rushing squads Managers hire mechanics that are specialized in certain undertakings ( during Pit Stops ) . Some are adept in replacing Front tyres, others are adept in replacing Rear tyres. Similarly, some are adept in Raising Car from the back side and others are specialized to execute the duty of a â€Å" Lolly-Pop Man † . Therefore, these squads hire mechanics and delegate them occupations that, they are specialized to execute. 2. DEPARTMENTALIZATION: Departmentalization is the 2nd component of Organizational Structure and follows Work Specialization. Departmentalization is the manner, work and duties are distributed in amongst different sections. Departmentalization refers to the procedure of grouping activities into sections. â€Å" Division of labour † creates specializers who need coordination. This coordination is facilitated by grouping specializers together in sections. Departmentalization has the following chief types: DEPARTMENTALIZATION BY FUNCTIONS: In Function Departmentalization, Departments are formed to group activities by â€Å" map † . Such as in a concern house, the construction might hold a Gross saless Department, a Marketing Department, a Purchase Department and a Human Resource Department etc. All these Departments are different from eachother on the footing of maps, they perform and the duties. Due to similar accomplishments and cognition, â€Å" Economies of Scale † can be achieved. The chief advantage of this type of Departmentalization is that, it can be used in all organisations, with mention to their ends and aims, and it is more efficient and effectual, as the people who posses the same expertness and accomplishments, are governed in a remarkable section. DEPARTMENTALIZATION BY PRODUCTS: Activities that are grouped by similar â€Å" Product Lines or Product Categories † . Undertakings are grouped harmonizing to merchandises and services, therefore go forthing all activities related to the merchandise or the service under a individual director or a remarkable caput. Each major merchandise country in the corporation is under the authorization of a senior director who is specializer in, and is responsible for, everything related to the merchandise line. This departmentalization helps an organisation to recognize its strong merchandise lines and weak links, additions Accountability. For E.g ; Unilever has different merchandise lines such as Dove, Axe and Fair A ; Lovely etc. DEPARTMENTALIZATION BY GEOGRAPHY: Departments are formed on the footing of â€Å" Geography and Territory † ; such as North, South, East and West etc. If an organisation ‘s clients are geographically dispersed, it can group occupations based on geographics. For illustration, Coca Cola has developed a Organizational Structure administering districts, the North American sector and the International sector, which includes the Pacific Rim, the European Community, Northeast Europe, Africa and Latin America groups. COCA COLA GEOGRAPHICAL STRUCTURE DEPARTMENTALIZATION BY Procedure: Grouping activities on the footing of â€Å" Product or service or client flow † . Each procedure require different accomplishments and techniques at different phases of its production or readying. Therefore, this Departmentalization helps the organisation to use the expertness of persons at different phases of production. Therefore, sections are followed due to the difference in defined construction. For E.g ; A whole procedure is to be followed for obtaining a Passport, Verification, Documents Submission etc, all from different sections. DEPARTMENTALIZATION BY CUSTOMER: Grouping activities on the footing of â€Å" common clients or types of clients † Jobs may be grouped harmonizing to the type of client served by the organisation. The premise is that clients in each section have a common set of jobs and demands that can outdo be met by specializers. For e.g ; Law Firms provide services to General Public, high profile persons and Large Corporations. 3. CHAIN OF COMMAND: Chain of Command is an unbroken line of Authority that extends from the top degree executive, direction to the lowest station, echeleon and clarifies who reports to whom. It is a Hierarchy which shows the Chain of Command and authorization, making a nexus between the Managers and Sub-ordinates. It has 2 chief elements: Authority ( It may be defined as the right of the directors and top degree executives to give orders to sub-ordinates. To ease Co-ordination, each director has a certain function to play in hierarchy and has a certain authorization over his colleagues and sub-ordinates to carry through his responsibilty ) Integrity of Command ( It preserves the unbroken line in the hierarchy. It states that, for the interest of better co-ordination, an person or a group must merely hold a individual higher-up, to whom coverage is done. It helps to take struggles and work confusion ) For E.g ; Ohio Fire Department is under the control of Ohio Government. Chain of Command goes right from the top degree Mayor, to the lower degree of directions such as Supervision Divison Chief and Staff Division Chief. 4. SPAN OF CONTROL: Span of Control is besides an of import component of Organizational Structure. It fundamentally manipulates the capableness of a director to command a certain figure of employees. This figure is determined after analysing the size of the organisation. There are two type of spans, 1. Wider Spans 2. Narrow Spans. If a director decides to keep a narrow span, he can keep close control. However, there are few drawbacks every bit good. First, they are expensive due to extra degree of direction. Second, Communication procedure between the top and lower direction becomes more complex. Finally, Due to contract but tight supervising, Managers tend to do strong and tight policies, ordinances, which consequences in detering Employee Autonomy and Satisfaction. In recent old ages, the accent has been laid on keeping a wider span of control. It is easier to keep control, easier to pass on with sub ordinates and more significantly, policies are in the favour of Employees liberty, due to all right supervising. NARROW SPAN OF CONTROL 5. Centralization AND Decentralization: Centralization is defined as â€Å" the grade to which determination devising is concentrated at a individual point in the organisation † . An Organization, in which there is less input taken from the lower degree directors and employees, and the top degree direction rely and take cardinal determinations by themselves, non affecting the lower direction ‘s input. Hence, it is â€Å" Centralization † . For e.g ; a Centralized Government is a signifier of Centralization, as it takes lesser input from lower governments and has the liberty to do determinations. Decentralization possibly defined as â€Å" the procedure of scattering decision-making administration closer to the people and citizens † . In Decentralization, the lower degree forces provide more input and take part in the determination devising. Decentralization and centralisation have played major functions in the history of many societies. An first-class illustration is the gradual political and organisational alterations that have occurred in European history. During the rise and autumn of the Roman Empire, Europe went through major centralisation and decentalisation. Although the leaders of the Roman Empire created a European substructure, the autumn of the Empire left Europe without a strong political system or military protection. Viking and other barbaric onslaughts further led rich Romans to construct up their big estates, in a manner that would protect their households and make a self-sufficing life topographic point. This system was greatly â€Å" decentralized † , as the Godheads of the manor had power to support and command the little agricultural environment that was their manor. 6. Formalization: â€Å" The grade to which occupations within the organisation are standardized † Standardization is the certainty of the occupation. If a occupation is standardized, the employees know what to make and there is no kind of confusion. If a occupation is extremely standardized, there is minimal sum of discretion over what is to be done, when it is to be done and how it is to be done. It consequences in consistent and improved public presentation. The grade of formalisation depends on the organisation, its policies and its construction. For case, there a few occupations that are non formalized i.e Departmental Stores Clerk, Gas Station workers etc. On the other manus, companies like P A ; G and Unilever normally have a standardised manner of making occupation. It is easy for employees to settle in, as they are able to understand their occupation decently. How to cite Organizational Structure Defined By Managers Commerce Essay, Essay examples

Business Ethics for Medical Research

Question: Discuss about the Business Ethics for Medical Research. Answer: Introduction: Taxpayers money is justified if the research is not wasteful and inefficient. According to Swan (2016), ninety percent of the medical studies are wasting money and are federally funded. As per Wolf (2016) of the National Institute of Health," 85% of the biomedical research is wastage of taxpayer money. NIH spends more than $30 billion per year on taxpayer funds. There is a need for more targeted research that is convincing, strong evidence-based links and serves national interest justified for funding (Alberici 2016). There is a need for more transparency and accountability when allocating taxpayer's money for medical science. Promising people with better health care services generates hope in people with all kinds of diseases but maximum studies research on the areas that have already been proved by others scientists (Marx 2016). However, based on podcast information related to personalized medicine and genetic research it can be said that more taxpayer money should be used in this areas as they are targeted to the particular biology of the diseases of the individual. DNA sequencing has been successful in unlocking much of the mystery of the human biology. It is helpful to take various actions to improve the health by taking individual data cloud (Swan 2016). Actionable possibilities can demand more taxpayer money than the research that does not generate any actionable opportunities. Genetic testing could be helpful in saving a lot of money by determining what should be the right drug for a given individual. Increasing cost is justified and will be accepted by the public if there are measurably better outcomes and would also satisfy the taxpayers concern. From a patients point of view tax payers money is justified for even those diseases that are not on the top of the governments finance list. In conclusion taxpayer's money is justified for evidence-based medicine and research that would yield real benefits (Radio National 2016). Genetic testing for Lynch synd rome, personalized medicine, automated DNA sequencing, genotyping, as well as discoveries like insect repellent in Aerogard and the flu drug Relenza are worth investment of huge money because risk predictions for lots and lots of diseases have great potential to improve public health (Mitchell, 2016). The genetic testing provides an opportunity for the people to predict risks and diagnosis. However, genetic tests have a little predictive value and may not supply all the information that the individual wants which cause difficulty in decision-making (Tindana et al. 2014). For example, a couple where both partners are the carrier for the cystic fibrosis mutation may desire to have the prenatal diagnosis done to identify if the fetus has cystic fibrosis mutations is being inherited from each parent. If the fetus is identified with two such mutations, then the parents will experience an ethical dilemma whether to end the pregnancy or continue despite the severity of the condition being unknown. Therefore, genetic decision leads to uncertainties for families, clinicians and other professionals involved in the process (Delbue et al. 2016). Moreover, killing a fetus if diagnosed with a disease that onsets at 50 years of age say Alzheimers then the questions arises that should a child be deprived of living 50 years? Genetic tests have several potential adverse consequences at both personal and societal level (West et al. 2014). Patients diagnosed with conditions that have no permanent cure are subjected to psychological harm, discriminations and stigmatization. They tend to end their life. For example, Hunting Diseases patients give birth to children who have 50% chance of inheriting the disease. Such patients are deprived of insurance policies or employment opportunities. Therefore ethical dilemma involves confidentiality of medical information of the patient. Ethical issue in biomedical research involves animal experimentation (Adobor 2012). Most of the animal do not suffer from the severe form of diseases as humans like heart diseases, AIDS, and others. Treatment showing success in animal laboratories may or may not work in case of humans. Animals in the laboratory are induced to mimic human diseases, but people affected by the severe disorder have multiple origins such as socioeconomic factor, genetic factors, psychological issues and other personal experiences. Experimentations in animals have been going on since several decades, however; there is no fully effective cure as yet been developed (Tindana et al. 2014). Prestigious medical journals have highlighted since time, and again that experimenting on animals wastes their life. In some countries, animals are considered sacred and experimentation is regarded as highly unethical practice (Harriss et al. 2013). In the previous years, limited research has been carried on regarding the role of human endogenous retroviruses in colon cancer. We will carry out a study to find that whether "Human Endogenous Retroviruses play a role in the development of colon cancer?" We believe that the retroviruses have the role in colon cancer. Previously, it was assumed that human endogenous retroviruses could become active and also, they are involved in the process of cell transformation using a variety of oncogenic mechanisms. It has also been reported that these proteins are expressed in and the abnormal way for different kinds of cancer like germ cell cancer, breast cancer, melanoma and prostate cancer. In these conditions, the overexpression of the encoded proteins or transcripts takes place in the tissues affected by tumor or cancer. Nonetheless, a little is known regarding the association between human endogenous retroviruses and the progression of colon cancer (Delbue et al. 2016). In this research, w e are going to re-evaluate colon cancer concerning the human endogenous retroviruses and will perform an investigation that will potentially lead to innovative diagnostics as well as therapeutic approaches in future. In this research, we will also take into consideration the strong perspective of human endogenous retroviruses family for producing proteins, which can act as good candidates for identifying the diseases, thus serving as biomarkers. Also, they can also act as targets of therapeutic approaches, particularly on the antigens that are associated with a tumor. For carrying out this research, we require funds to conduct our work. We firmly believe that our research will be successful in re-evaluating that whether the human endogenous retroviruses play a definite role in the development of colon cancer. Also, it will also be valuable for the future researchers effectively. Reference Adobe, H., 2012. Ethical issues in outsourcing: the case of contract medical research and the global pharmaceutical industry.Journal of business ethics,105(2), pp.239-255. Alberici, E. (2016). Lateline - 14/04/2014: Cuts to science funding are regressive and dangerous. [online] Abc.net.au. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2014/s3985479.htm [Accessed 30 Sep. 2016]. Delbue, S., Signorini, L., Villlani, S., Bregni, M. and Ferrante, P. (2016). Do the Human Endogenous Retroviruses Play a Role in Colon Cancer?. ATV, p.11. Harriss, D.J. and Atkinson, G., 2013. Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research: 2014 update.International journal of sports medicine,34(12), pp.1025-1028. Marx, P. (2016). Genotyping: 23andMe. [online] Radio National. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/healthreport/genotyping/5235128 [Accessed 30 Sep. 2016]. Mitchell, N. (2016). Personalised medicine - why drugs don't always work (Part 2 of 2). [online] Radio National. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/healthreport/personalised-medicine---why-drugs-dont-always-work/3162456 [Accessed 30 Sep. 2016]. Radio National. (2016). Personalised medicine: Can you trust online genetic tests? (Part 1 of 2). [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/healthreport/personalised-medicine-can-you-trust-online-genetic/3163472 [Accessed 30 Sep. 2016]. Swan, N. (2016). The future of DNA-sequencing. [online] Radio National. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/healthreport/the-future-of-dna-sequencing/5275000 [Accessed 30 Sep. 2016]. Tindana, P., Molyneux, C.S., Bull, S. and Parker, M., 2014. Ethical issues in the export, storage and reuse of human biological samples in biomedical research: perspectives of key stakeholders in Ghana and Kenya.BMC medical ethics,15(1), p.1. West, C.C., Murray, I.R., Gonzlez, Z.N., Hindle, P., Hay, D.C., Stewart, K.J. and Pault, B., 2014. Ethical, legal and practical issues of establishing an adipose stem cell bank for research.Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive Aesthetic Surgery,67(6), pp.745-751. Wolf, S. (2016). Genetic research. [online] Radio National. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/healthreport/genetic-research/3129034 [Accessed 30 Sep. 2016].